Cryptography

Cryptography is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication and information transmission in the presence of adversaries. It involves the use of mathematical algorithms to transform data into a format that is unreadable to unauthorized users, ensuring confidentiality, integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation of information. Cryptographic methods include symmetric encryption, where the same key is used for both encryption and decryption, and asymmetric encryption, which uses a pair of keys—a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption. Cryptography is fundamental in securing digital communications, protecting sensitive information, and establishing trust in various applications, including online banking, email, and data storage.